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Marie-Thérèse Figueur
Marie-Thérèse Figueur (Talmay, 17 January 1774 – Paris, hospice des Petits Ménages, 4 January 1861), known by the ''nom de guerre'' ''Sans-Gêne'' (literally "unconstrained"), was a French heroine who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars. In contrast with most female soldiers before the twentieth century, she did not disguise her gender when she enlisted, serving for twenty-two years under her own name in the French Revolutionary Army and the ''Grande Armée''.
==Upbringing and enlistment (1774–1793)==
According to her memoirs, Marie-Thérèse Figueur was born in Talmay, near Dijon, the daughter of François Figueur, a miller and merchant, and Claudine Viard, from a family of minor nobility; orphaned at nine years, she was entrusted to a maternal uncle, Jean Viard, a sous-lieutenant in an infantry regiment.〔Saint-Germain Leduc, ed., ''Les campagnes de Mademoiselle Thérèse Figueur, aujourd'hui madame veuve Sutter, ex-dragon aux 15e et 9e régiments, de 1793 à 1815''. Dauvin & Fontaine, Paris 1842. pp. 1–6〕
By her own account, she was not initially a supporter of the French Revolution; her uncle was a firm, if discreet, royalist, and she feared her best friend, a drummer-boy in the Swiss Guard, had been killed during the overthrow of the monarchy, when the National Guard stormed the Tuileries Palace. She joined the counter-revolutionary Federalist uprising in 1793, in a unit of volunteer artillery led by her uncle, now a captain. Captured by the forces of the Republican government, she was encouraged to change sides, and on 9 July 1793, the nineteen-year-old girl enlisted as a cavalry trooper in the Légion des Allobroges under Colonel Pinon. Quickly earning the nickname ''le petit Sans-Gêne'', she saw her first real battle in the siege of Toulon, where she was wounded for the first time, and first met Napoleon, then a young artillery commander.〔''Les campagnes'', pp. 14–44; note that J. Delagny, ''La Femme-dragon, dit Sans-Gêne'', Aumond, Paris 1861, p. 23, indicates that her capture and defection occurred in Marseilles, not Avignon as in ''Les campagnes'', and also states that Marie-Thérèse was just fourteen at this time, implying a date of birth in 1779; if correct, this means that her age was exaggerated in the pension records of 1800 (''Les campagnes'', p. 241). Adding to the confusion, Baron Marbot says that the incident occurred at Lyons: ''The Memoirs of Baron de Marbot'', trans. Arthur John Butler (Longman's, London, 1892), pp. 127–128〕
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